Supplementary+Document

__**Supplementary Documentation**__ (1-2 pages for slides 3-11)  __**Mission Approach - Manned (Slide 3)**__ 
 * Mission will be a manned mission that will include four talented astronauts. This mission will span about two years and has no set return date. Resources will be sent if required at the end of the two years, and a return date will be established when mission objectives have been reached. These astronauts will be chosen through a selective and meticulous process. We will choose two female and two male astronauts between the ages of thirty to forty-five that have a strong English background, they must also be single and childless. These factors will aid in their compatibilities and mentality during the mission. These individuals should also have extensive scientific knowledge pertaining to the objectives of the mission. **
 * A manned mission to Mars is the most efficient approach in planning a mission so far from Earth. Unlike robotics, humans are flexible and adaptable enough to react to the numerous uncertainty and potential surprises involved. Humans can sample and analyze a much larger quantity of data immediately, and adjust equipment if necessary. Although, unmanned or automated missions are less costly and less risky, their success rate of retrieving optimal results is very low; to have successful unmanned missions the robotic probes are only equipped with essentials and their probing area is vastly reduced. In a study of NASA’s current rover missions to Mars, seven rover failures have occurred already, these include the Mars Exploration rovers Spirit and Opportunity (Cummings et al., 2008). No matter the number of unmanned missions they will not produce as optimal results as a manned mission; the collective costs of ineffective unmanned missions would be equal to the large cost of an effective manned mission. Sending humans to mars will also be a test of the habitability and resources on the Martian surface, if it can sustain life or be exploited for potential resources needed on Earth. **


 * This mission will involve the thorough planning and establishment of a space elevator, and can only be effectively done through a manned mission. Calibrating and testing the new technology in the Martian atmosphere can only be successfully done through human manipulation and adjustments to the equipment. Additionally, probing the area of Valles Marineres and its surroundings must be done by humans because of its vastness. And, also so the samples can be analyzed immediately to determine whether continued probing is necessary. **
 * Ethical issues associated with sending humans to Mars are the costs of the mission compared to an unmanned mission, and if its risks outweigh the advantages. Also, the ethics of contaminating Mars with humans and the reverse, contaminating humans with the Martian environment is an issue. However, the concerns are minor compared to the experiments and valuable information we can obtain about Mars and essentially Earth. **


 * The spacecraft will require clean air, a waste disposal system, and drinking water. Also, it will have solar panels that will convert the incoming solar radiation into electrical energy. The triple junction solar panels (three layers that each capture incoming sunlight) will be made of gallium arsenide that is coated with infrared-reflecting pigments in a silica film, these have been studied to be efficient in very high temperatures (Rahman et al., 2007). There will also be a supply of four meals daily for each astronaut through a period of two years; the shuttle will be equipped with 11680 meals which have a mass of approximately **  10618.18  kg. ** Each crew member will require 2 litres of water daily; the spacecraft will have water contingency containers that can carry sixty pounds each and an Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) Water Recycling System (WRS). This system will recycle waste waters from the Space Shuttle’s fuel cells, urine, oral hygiene and hand washing, and the condensation of humidity from the air (Barry and Phillips, 2000). There will be ** 2930 **kg of water sent which is equivalent to approximately 108 containers, the rest of the water will be recycled and used for daily activities. The shuttle will also have Life Support Systems that will have an abundant amount of oxygen; the oxygen will be produced through water electrolysis and oxygen gas will be stored in a pressurized tank (Barrie, 2000). The astronauts will also have two spacesuits each in case of damage; these suits will be fully equipped with a temperate system, a constant pressure similar to the space station, and they will also be able to withstand the Martian dust and sandstorms. **
 * Planning a manned mission is a complex process because the risks of sending humans to Mars must be analyzed and dealt with. The issues involved in sending humans to mars are the large distance, exposure to solar radiation, exposure to a low gravity and low temperature environment, and exposure to Martian dust. **

** The large distance associated with a trip from Earth to Mars has many effects on the manned mission. Firstly, due to the great distance between Mars and the Earth, it can take approximately 10-20 minutes for a signal to arrive from Mars to Earth depending where Mars is in its orbit relative to that of Earth’s, and this would force astronauts to wait 20-40 minutes for a response, this is calculated by Mars’ distance relative to Earth and the speed of light (Kovo, 2005). However, astronauts on board will be fully trained and prepared to deal with any situation ranging from minimal to critical risk. Astronauts will transmit essential information, but will be highly prepared to deal with situations by themselves. Also, the long duration of the mission (flight time and stay) may have psychological effects on humans. The lack of effective communication with family members, the inability to maintain fitness, loneliness, tension, lack of privacy, disorientation in space and watching Earth becoming increasingly further away can all be tolling on the astronauts and can have severe mental effects ( **Geuna et al.,1995).** These effects will be well communicated with the astronauts and mental preparation well in advance will be provided. Ideally, these will minimize the effects of the extended duration of the Mars mission. ** 


 * Space radiation is a major health and life threatening risk for a manned mission to Mars. The absence of a geomagnetic field will make the crew susceptible to galactic cosmic rays and solar cosmic rays. Exposure to these rays may cause many health related problems but most importantly it has an increased risk of cancer induction in astronauts. This can be dealt with an effective space craft that will reflect the rays and minimize exposure. A study assessed the necessity of a Radiation Monitoring System (RMS) during the flight, and once on the Martian surface that will indicate radiation levels and when to seek shelter (Benghin, 2003). The crew will only be exposed to solar particle events from the upper hemisphere once on Mars; therefore the main concern of exposure is during the mission cruise phase. The astronauts can be protected through an onboard radiation shelter; this may include reinforced walls that prevent radiation. A suitable material might be an aluminum enriched polymer because of its light mass and ability to be used for structure and shielding (Pham and El-Genk, 2008). **

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">
 * Exposure to a low gravity and a low pressure environment are physically damaging to the astronauts. The zero-gravity felt by the crew causes a type of weightlessness and the bones no longer experience stress. An extended duration in this type of environment can cause bone density depletion in mainly the lumbar vertebrae and the leg bones, and also muscular depletion. This is caused by calcium excretion through urine and formation of kidney stones. Bone depletion can be reduced through extensive training on Earth in high pressure and high altitude environments, its effects can also be minimized during the mission with onboard training and a healthy nutrition (NASA, 2003). The astronauts must intake vitamin D through their diet since the spacecraft will shield most of the incoming solar radiation, and must reduce the amount of sodium to avoid increasing calcium excretion. The astronauts will prepare in advance their meals with a dietary aid and will include all necessary nutrition. The food will be properly packaged and thermostabailized. Crew members will be required to take a dietary questionnaire every week so their diets can be assessed and possible suggestions can be made to improve their diets (Casaburri et al). Bone implants that will meld with living bone are also a possibility, and these can processed in orbit in **Space-DRUMS™. Space-DRUMS™ which are the size of a refrigerator are currently manufactured by a Canadian company, Guigné International (NASA, 2003).
 * Additionally, the temperature on Mars is fairly low (ranging from -129°ͨ to 0°ͨ) this can cause low blood circulation and can cause hypothermia (Squyres, 2004). This can be addressed by a space suit that has an effective temperate control that will change in relation to the astronaut’s body temperature. An adequate pressure must be present in the spacesuit, so the astronauts are not subjected to different pressurized zones. Also, the spacesuit must be well built to deal with the Martian dust and sandstorms, so that incoming particles do not damage the suit. **

Cummings, M.L. et al., 2008. Past, present and future implication of human supervisory control in space missions. //Acta Astronautica//, [Online]. 62(10-11), p. 648-655. Available from: __ doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.01.029 __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[Accessed 5th November 2009].

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Benghin, V.V. and Petrov,V.M., 2003. Radiation environment monitoring for manned missions to Mars. //Advances in Space Research//, [Online]. 31(1), p. 34-35. Available from: __ doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00656-7 __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[Accessed 5th November 2009]. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pham, Tai T. And El-Genk, Mohamed S., 2009. Dose Estimates in a Lunar Shelter with Regolith Shielding. //Acta Astronautica//, [Online]. 64(7-8), p. 697-713. Available from: doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.12.002 [Accessed 6th November 2009]. Geuna, Stefano et al.,1995. Stressers, stress and stress consequences during long-duration manned space missions: a descriptive model. Acta Astronautica, [Online]. 36(6), p. 347-356. Available from: doi:10.1016/0094-5765(95)00115-8 [Accessed 6th November 2009]. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'HMPOGC+TUOSBlake','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: HMPOGC+TUOSBlake;">Author/editor surname, Initial. (Year) //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'HMPPJB+TUOSBlake','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: HMPPJB+TUOSBlake;">Title //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'HMPOGC+TUOSBlake','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: HMPOGC+TUOSBlake;">[Online].Edition. Place of publication, Publisher. Available from: URL[Accessed date]. Barry, L. Patrick and Dr. Phillips, Tony., (2000). //Water on the Space Station// [Online]. NASA. Available from: __<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'HMPOGC+TUOSBlake','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: HMPOGC+TUOSBlake; msobidifontfamily: HMPOGC+TUOSBlake;">[] __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'HMPOGC+TUOSBlake','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: HMPOGC+TUOSBlake;"> [Accessed 3rd November 2009]. Frazer, Lance. (2005) Aquatic Alchemy. //Environmental Health Perspectives// [Online], 113(2). Available from: __ [] __ [Accessed 10th November]. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">NASA. (2003) //Space Research Builds Stronger Bones// [Online]. Available from: __<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; msobidifontweight: bold;">[|http://www.nasa.gov/visio n/space/livinginspace/Stronger_Bones_Feature.html] __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> [Accessed 3rd November 2009]. Barry, L. Patrick., (2000). //Breathing Easy on the Space Station// [Online]. NASA. Available from: [] [Accessed 9th November]. Kovo, Yael, 2005. //Living on Mars Time//. [Online] NASA. Available from: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> [] [Accessed 4th November 2009].

Rahman, Faiz et al. (2007) High Radiant Flux Photovoltaic Cells for Solar Proximity Missions. . //Semicond. Sci. Technol.// [Online], 22, 695-700. Available from: __ [] cle/0268-1242/22/7/003/sst7_7_003.pdf?request-id=d2fe1366-b07e-40f4-984f-f0eed185efd8__ [Accessed 2nd November 2009]. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Squyres, Steven W. "Mars." World Book Online Reference Center. 2004. World Book, Inc. ( [] .) (Citation as instructed)


 * Flight Logistics - Propulsion (Slide 4):

Flight Logistics - Trajectory (Slide 5):

Flight Logistics - Landing Site (Slide 6):** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> There will be no landing site of the shuttle since it will be the first piece of the space station that will orbit Mars. However, the space elevator that will travel to Mars from the space station must have a landing site. The tether point of the space elevator will be located north westerly of Valles Marineris, with the coordinates 0°00’00.00”N, 64°13’21.00”W. It will be located here because it will be positioned directly below the space station that is in an areostationary orbit above the equator of Mars. This area is a fairly undisturbed plane with no craters and has an elevation of 3306 metres. The tether point is also positioned in proximity to Valles Marineris which is the site of our experiment that will analyze the formation of the Martian canyon.

Slide 7: Scientific Objectives - Research Questions Slide 8: Experimental Sampling Site Description <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">This mission will probe two sites. The first site is the location at which the tether of the space elevator will be, which is its landing site (0°00’00.00”N, 64°13’21.00”W). The site will be located north west of the Martian Canyon, Valles Marineris. This is the chosen site because it is positioned exactly on the equator of Mars. This is necessary because the space station will be in an areostationary orbit above the equator so it can follow the rotational orbit of mars with the exact angle and angular velocity. This will allow the elevator and the space station to be above a single point on Mars at all times. The site will be the location of the establishment of the space elevator prototype. It will also be the site (same coordinate system) of experiments conducted on the elevator at different elevations. The second experimental sampling site is Valles Marineris. At this site, the astronauts will probe its vastness and retrieve samples of its sediments. Using the stratigraphy of the sediments, we can analyze how the sediments fused and oriented themselves. These indicators will help to analyze how the Martian canyon formed; if it was formed by plate tectonics, flowing water, or glaciations. Also, to observe the canyon; its positioning, shape, depth, width and other factors will allow us to compare Valles Marineris to analogues on Earth.

Slide 10: Experiment 2- lab protocol (4-5 pages) Slide 11: Flight Logistics- Experimental rover requirements**
 * Slide 9: Experiment 1 - lab protocol (4-5 pages)

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> **Supplies (slide ?):**__ <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1 litre of water will weigh 1 kg. 60 pounds/2.2= 27.272 kg, therefore 27.272 litres are contained in the container. 2 liters per day = 2x365x2 = 1460 litres of water needed x 4 = 5860 kg/s = 2930kg 5860/27.272= 108 containers Recycled water for O2 production, and daily activities. 2 pounds x4meals x 365 x 2 = 5840 pounds/2.2=2654.55 kg x 4 people = 10618.18 Average weight per astronaut = 73 kg 73 x4 = 292 kg. Mass: 2930 +10618.18+ 292 =13840 kg +2000kg for devices = 15840 kg
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-weight: normal;"> The spacecraft will require clean air, a waste disposal system, and drinking water. Also, it will have solar panels that will convert the incoming solar radiation into electrical energy. The triple junction solar panels (three layers that each capture incoming sunlight) will be made of gallium arsenide that is coated with infrared-reflecting pigments in a silica film, these have been studied to be efficient in very high temperatures (Rahman et al, 2007). There will also be a supply of four meals daily for each astronaut through a period of two years; the shuttle will be equipped with 11680 meals which have a mass of approximately <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> 10618.18  <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; msobidifontweight: bold;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">kg.  ** Each crew member will require 2 litres of water daily; the spacecraft will have water contingency containers that can carry sixty pounds each and an Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) Water Recycling System (WRS). This system will recycle waste waters from the Space Shuttle’s fuel cells, urine, oral hygiene and hand washing, and the condensation of humidity from the air (Barry and Phillips, 2000). There will be <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2930 <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; msobidifontweight: bold;">kg of water sent which is equivalent to approximately 108 containers, the rest of the water will be recycled and used for daily activities. The shuttle will also have Life Support Systems that will have an abundant amount of oxygen; the oxygen will be produced through water electrolysis and oxygen gas will be stored in a pressurized tank (Barrie, 2000). The astronauts will also have two spacesuits each in case of damage; these suits will be fully equipped with a temperate system, a constant pressure similar to the space station, and they will also be able to withstand the Martian dust and sandstorms. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-weight: normal;">

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Supplies: -<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt Arial; fontsizeadjust: none; fontstretch: normal;"> 2930 kg of water - 11680 meals - Water Recycling System - Life Support System - 8 astronaut suits - Space-DRUMS